2 The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: a foundation for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

Personality factors, as normally studied, are sources of variation that are stable over time and that derive from underlying properties of an individual more than current changes in their environment. They account for behavioural differences between individuals presented with identical environments that show consistent patterns within that individual across time. As such, an ultimate goal of personality research must be to identify the relatively static biological variables that determine the superficial factor structure evident in behaviour and other measures. This is not to deny the importance of the environment in controlling personality. But, to produce consistent long-term effects, environmental influences must be mediated by, and instantiated in, biological systems. Biology can also be viewed as more fundamental in that environmental events (such as an impact to the front of the head) have permanent effects on personality not in relation to the external parameters of the event (such as the force of impact) but rather in relation to the precise extent of change the event induces in the brain. Those interested in individual variation in the tendency to neurotic disorders have been particularly inclined to theorize in terms of either the real or the conceptual nervous system. Pavlov saw variation in the response of his dogs to both traumatic and everyday events as arising from the ‘Strength of the Nervous System’ – a purely theoretical construct, albeit with a consistent behavioural structure (Gray 1964, 1967). H.J. Eysenck (1944, 1947) used factor analysis of a medical checklist of neurotic symptoms in a clinical population to identify and then develop, in the normal population, the constructs of Extraversion and Neuroticism. He then linked these constructs to conditionability of neural connections and so to the development of neurotic behaviour. The most extensive exegesis has been that of Gray. He (Gray 1970) first proposed an alternative theoretical account of the genesis of the same neurotic